Akyol, Asli (2011)The effects of cafeteria diet feeding on maternal adaptation to pregnancy, growth and development of fetus and glucose homeostasis later in life. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Cishe, Elphinah Nomabandla (2011)Teachers' perspectives on factors which facilitated and hindered the implementation of curriculum 2005 (C2005) in the general education and training (GET) band in one district of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. EdD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Bloody Mary 3D (2011)
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Cortes Rojas, Aaron (2011)Psychoneuroimmunology: a cross-cultural, biopsychosocial study of the role of perceived social support for people living with HIV/AIDS. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Dawkins, Yvonne (2011)Enhancing the teaching quality of part-time faculty in a Jamaican adult education institution: (with a focus on continuing professional development). PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
De Mars, Sylvia (2011)The influence of recent developments in EU procurement law on the procurement regulation of member states: a case study of the UK, the Netherlands and France. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Duckworth, Chloë N. (2011)The created stone: chemical and archaeological perspectives on the colour and material properties of early Egyptian glass, 1500-1200 B.C. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Fletcher, Kimberley J. (2011)An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the patient experience of awake craniotomy: brain tumour diagnosis to discharge. DClinPsy thesis, University of Nottingham.
Foote, Gareth (2011)An interpretative phenomenological analysis of coaches' experiences of working with children with special health care needs at an exercise referral scheme. DClinPsy thesis, University of Nottingham.
Gomes, Rafael A.R. Pereira (2011)Corporate market responsibility for orderly financial markets: systemic risk and regulation following Citigroup, sovereign funds, and the credit crunch. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Horne, Gillian Doris (2011)Maintaining integrity in the face of death: the views and experiences of people affected by lung cancer in discussing preferences and wishes for end of life care. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Ioannis, Kalpouzos (2011)The applicability of international law to armed conflicts involving non-state armed groups: between status and humanitarian protection. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Jain, Aditya Kailash (2011)Development and implementation of policies for the management of psychosocial risks: exploring the role of stakeholders and the translation of policy into practice in Europe. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Lewthwaite, Sarah (2011)Disability 2.0, student dis/connections: a study of student experiences of disability and social networks on campus in higher education. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
McLachlan, Sarah (2011)The role of autonomy support and integration in predicting and changing behaviour: theoretical and practical perspectives on self-determination theory. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Mizzi, Konrad. (2011)The contribution made by programme leadership consultants to the creation and maintenance of momentum for public service change programmes and the implications for their client sponsors: theory building within the context of a case study of the Maltese public service (1987-2001). PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Napolitano, Antonio (2011)Neurotransmitter profiling with high and ultra-high field magnetic resonance spectroscopy : optimization for clinical and translational studies in schizophrenia. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Owusu-Dabo, Ellis (2011)Smoking in Ghana: a study of the history of tobacco industry activity, current prevalence and risk factors for smoking, and implementation of tobacco control policy. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Perry, Elaine (2011)A study investigating the impact of peer mentoring onpupils transitioning into secondary school who may beat risk of behavioural, emotional and social difficulties. DAppEdPsy thesis, University of Nottingham.
Phillips, Rachel (2011)Christmas is not just for Christmas: an exploration of the Christmas story and its meaning, as told by members of the congregation at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols held at York Minster on Christmas Eve 2007. MPhil thesis, University of Nottingham.
Pinfield, Stephen (2011)Towards open access: managerial, technical, economic and cultural aspects of improving access to research outputs from the perspective of a library and information services provider in a research university. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Righetti, Karima Maria (2011)Study of Rsm/Gac post-transcriptional regulation by quorum sensing, extracellular and intracellular signals in Pseugomonas aeruginosa. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Rowlett, Emma Jane (2011)Disability equality and discrimination in higher education: staff and student perceptions of the 'reasonable' adjustments made for print disabled students. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Szatkowski, Lisa Catherine (2011)Can primary care data be used to evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco control policies?: data quality, method development and assessment of the impact of smokefree legislation using data from the Health Improvement Network. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Udueni, Igho Anthony (2011)Mapping the social responsibility of small business as discourse and practice: an investigation of African and Caribbean microbusinesses in London and Nottingham, UK. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Wan, Wai-Yan Sally (2011)Teachers' perceptions and experiences of continuing professional development (CPD): opportunities and needs in Hong Kong primary schools. EdD thesis, University of Nottingham.
White, Charlotte Anne (2011)Increasing the water use efficiency (WUE) of tomato(S. lycopersicum) via manipulation of the abscisic acid(ABA) biosynthesis pathway. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Williams, Emily Louise (2011)An investigation into the effectiveness of social stories with photograph or symbol illustrations for addressing the specific target behaviours of children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. DAppEdPsy thesis, University of Nottingham.
Williams, Fabrice (2011)Knowledge management in the National Health Service: an empirical study of organisational and professionalantecedents to knowledge transfer in knowledge managementinitiatives. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Taking stock of the period from 1776 to 1815, it is clear that the United States never intended to put to death all Indians in the territory it claimed. If that is the standard for genocide, then the term does not apply. On the other hand, U.S. officials consistently demonstrated a willingness to use overwhelming violence against Indian nations it judged to be acting contrary to American interests (self-defined to be just). Most military operations did not result in wholesale slaughter, but this was less a measure of restraint than limited U.S. capacity, on the one hand, and strong Native capacity, on the other. As a general rule, U.S. military operations against Indian communities carried an inherent potential for wholesale violence against combatants and noncombatants or, in the language commonly used at the time, extermination. Military operations often did not result in massacre, sometimes because of their own weakness (inadequate supplies, poor intelligence, failure to avoid detection), more often because of the ability of Indians to avoid being slaughtered, sometimes by fighting back, sometimes by eluding U.S. forces. Over time, what made U.S. military operations effective was their relentlessness. Indians might repulse a single invasion of their country or, if that was impossible, abandon their towns and rebuild, but because the United States had a large and growing population, a high capacity to continuously mobilize young men to fight, and an unwavering commitment to expansion, the nation was able to wage endless war. Faced with the very real possibility that their people would eventually be destroyed utterly, leaders of Indian resistance eventually agreed to U.S. treaties requiring land cessions. The threat of genocide in this very strong sense of the term played a crucial role in allowing the United States to achieve its primary goal of taking Indian lands.
Because the Indian population of California fell so precipitously and because extreme violence was integral to the process, many scholars not inclined to see genocide as pervasive in U.S. history have said that what happened in California is exceptional and does qualify.25 Even in this case, however, there is some dissent. One argument is that genocide does not apply since disease was the primary factor in the depopulation of California Indians; another is that mass violence was undertaken primarily by settlers and that the state and federal governments did not establish a policy of physically killing all Indians.26 As with other situations, differences of opinion rest on disagreements about definitions. Under a strict definition requiring a federal or state government intention to kill all California Indians and an outcome in which the majority of deaths were from direct killing, genocide does not seem applicable. Under a less strict, though still fairly conservative, definition requiring only settler intention to destroy a substantial portion of California Indians using a variety of means ranging from dispossession to systematic killing, genocide seems apt, especially since the demographic outcome in California was so catastrophic. The fact that the state government promoted aggressive settlement, undermined Indian land rights, and supported Indian-hunting militias strengthens the case. The role of the federal government is more complicated. On the one hand, federal officials, including army personnel, sometimes took action to protect Indian lands and prevent extreme settler violence. On the other hand, the army did engage in punitive massacre in 1850 when it slaughtered sixty or more Pomos in the Bloody Island Massacre. Congress failed to ratify treaties that might have provided Indians with a buffer against destructive settler actions; Congress also funded militia activity. 2ff7e9595c
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